Design Your Fashionable Uniform. Elsa in Frozen Halloween. Elsa's Halloween Love Date. Elsa with Anna Dress Up. Warm Wedding Girl. Snow White Fantastic Dress Up. Spring Celebration Dressup. Welcoming New Year. Smart Girl Thanks Giving Dressup. Big Chocolate Chip Cookies. A Happy Weekend Girl. Yet maidens could attend the men's games, probably to familiarize them with the world of men. The only married woman permitted to watch the Olympics was the priestess of Demeter, whose privilege probably derived from the location of an ancient altar and sanctuary of that goddess in the middle of the stadium seating area.
In Sparta girls were favored with an exceptional educational system that included training in most of the same athletic events as boys. The aim was eugenic: healthy women produced healthy citizen-warriors. The contests were restricted to unmarried girls, who competed either nude or wearing only skimpy dresses. Boys were admitted as spectators, a practice intended to encourage marriage and procreation. Some Spartan maidens ran a special race for Dionysos, god of adult females, and this athletic ritual may also have celebrated their communal rite of passage.
At the sanctuaries of Brauron and Mounychion in Attica, girls celebrated the Arkteia or "Bear Festival," a quadrennial mystery ritual in honor of Artemis, goddess of wild animals and maidens. Legend says that this was a prenuptial festival required of all girls of Attica.
A series of vases found at the Arkteia sanctuaries depicts girls, both nude and in short chitons, apparently performing various ritual activities, including dancing and running. The scenes of running appear to show girls chasing one another in a contest symbolic of their change of status from "wild" to "tame. Only after the classical period did Greek girls come to compete in men's athletic festivals.
References to this are few and late, suggesting exceptional social circumstances and perhaps the pressure of the Roman political system, which allowed the daughters of the wealthy to participate in men's festivals. Several noble girls are recorded as victors in the chariot race at Olympia and elsewhere, but they were owners, not drivers. A first-century A. Yet these girls probably competed only against other girls, as in a race for daughters of magistrates at the Sebasta festival in Naples during the imperial period and the races for women instituted by Domitian at the Capitoline Games in Rome in A.
Thomas F. Scanlon is a professor of classics at the University of California, Riverside. He is director of the Program in Comparative Ancient Civilizations and is author of Eros and Greek Athletics Oxford: University of Oxford Press, and other articles and books on ancient sports and Greek and Roman historical writing.
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